HISTORIA DE MÉXICO: poblamiento, culturas prehispánicas, conquista, Independencia, Revolución

Around 30,000 years ago, the first nomadic human groups arrived in what is now Mexico, seeking new lands and resources.

The Olmec culture, established around 1500 BC, thrived in the regions of Veracruz and Tabasco with urban centers like La Venta. They were known for jade sculptures and agriculture.

The Maya civilization, with its complex city-states and advanced knowledge in mathematics and astronomy, flourished from 300 AD in present-day Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.

Teotihuacan was a significant city with structured hierarchies and urban planning. The society worshiped deities like Tláloc and Quetzalcóatl, known for their grand pyramids.

The Toltec culture, originating in Hidalgo, expanded across Mesoamerica with significant architectural and military achievements, influencing later cultures like the Mexicas.

The arrival of the Spanish led by Cortés in 1519 marked the beginning of the conquest of Mexico, creating a new colonial era and introduction of Christianity.

The independence movement in Mexico started in 1810, leading to the establishment of the Mexican Republic and the fight against internal divisions and foreign interventions.

The 19th century saw significant reforms, civil wars, and the struggle between conservative and liberal forces, including leaders like Benito Juárez and Porfirio Díaz.

The Mexican Revolution emerged in response to Porfirio Díaz's authoritarian rule, leading to social upheavals, land reforms, and the foundation of modern Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution saw leaders like Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa in the north. The presidency shifted hands multiple times, with Victoriano Huerta taking over in 1913, leading to a new wave of violence. Constitutionalists such as Venustiano Carranza played key roles during this period, shaping Mexico's future political landscape.

The Mexican Revolution concluded on February 5th, leaving behind a legacy still relevant in Mexico's political life. The new constitution brought rights to workers, agrarian reforms, and the nationalization of natural resources. The post-revolution era faced challenges from violent revolutionary leaders like Zapata and Carranza, setting Mexico on a path of reconstruction and reform.

After the Mexican Revolution, leaders like Calles and Lázaro Cárdenas dominated Mexican politics through the 20th century. Land distribution, industrial nationalization, and economic growth marked this period. Presidents like Manuel Ávila Camacho focused on joining the Allies in WW2 and promoting industrialization and foreign investment.

Modern Mexican history witnessed leaders like Gustavo Díaz Ordaz and José López Portillo, who faced economic challenges and crises. The era of Zedillo towards the late 20th century grappled with economic reforms, while the present era under AMLO from 2000 onward emphasizes anti-corruption, economic growth, and nationalism.